Lebanon has experienced a period of intensified conflict since 08 October 2023 to November 2024 leading to significant humanitarian and infrastructural losses.¹ Hostilities escalated sharply on September 23, 2024, with large-scale attacks targeting southern and eastern Lebanon, while strikes were also registered in western districts, including Baabda and Beirut districts.² ³ The conflict has resulted in the internal displacement of approximately 899,725 people, who have been forced to relocate to different areas across the country, straining an already fragile system.²  On November 27, 2024, a ceasefire agreement was implemented after nearly 14 months of hostilities.

The agreement, brokered by international mediators, mandated a 60-day cessation of hostilities, during which both parties were required to withdraw from southern Lebanon. The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) were expected to deploy in vacated areas to maintain security and stability.³ However, despite the formal cessation of hostilities, sporadic incidents and violations of the truce were reported, highlighting the fragility of the ceasefire. Human Rights Watch documented these violations as clear breaches of the laws of war and potential war crimes, impacting civilians, journalists, medical personnel, and peacekeepers.⁴ Lebanese authorities have documented nearly 1,100 violations since the ceasefire, which have resulted in at least 84 fatalities and over 280 injuries among the populations residing in Lebanon.⁵ The international community monitored the situation, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to the ceasefire terms to prevent further escalation and ensure longterm stability in the region.⁶